The world record for a bird strike at the highest altitude ever is a staggering 11,300 meters thats 11. Typical impacts occur on components such as wing leading edges, radomes, turbofan engines, and cockpit windshields. Developments in aircraft engine design for bird ingestion. Aircraft are most susceptible to bird impacts during takeoff and landing. A bird deflector and air replacement system for a jet engine, the bird deflector being conical or arcuate in shape as formed by suitable longitudinal and lateral interconnected bars, and the air replacement apparatus being one of a frustum or a selectively perforated tube or a modified cowl with cooperating external spacedapart channels or openings formed therearound for directing additional. Heres a youtube of the a380 engines bird strike test. The definition of a suitable bird model is often the main problem in the numerical simulation of bird strike incidents. These simulations are carried out in order to predict whether various designs will pass. It is advantageous to discard designs that will fail due to bird strike as early as possible in the design. Bird strike committee usa photo gallery bird strike.
Faa regulations outline three categories of bird strike. Following a bird strike, there is often little to identify a bird. Adobe acrobat pdf versions of the manual are available online in english, spanish, and. Jan 28, 2012 definition of bird strike a bird strike or bird aircraft strikehazard is a collision between a bird oneor more than one and an aircraft. Bird strike simulation of composite aircraft structure amtas new project proposal there is an increasing trend of birds colliding with aircraft.
Data and information appearing in this book are for informational purposes only. A parametric study of bird strike on engine blades request pdf. Design of aircraft structures against threat of bird. Basing on the results of the analysis the design of the engine must be changed to exclude any serious effects of the bird strike incident. The story of man and bird in conflict brandeis university. Bird strike simulations on composite aircraft structures. At ascent throttle levels, an airliners engines are rotating between 10,000 and 15,000 rpm. Birdstrike data also help researchers understand the nature of strikes and develop a scientific approach to reduce the cost and safety consequences of bird strikes. Detailed postsoft impact progressive damage assessment. Other engine analysis applications bird strike critical point assessment determine critical conditions for bird tests show whether ice slab or bird test is more critical and determine whether one test might serve for demonstration of the other requirement containment for other than highest energy location. The general structures harmonization working group, having spent ten years of meetings and discussions on this subject, cannot reach consensus on a harmonized set of criteria for birdstrike.
Starting with relatively simple nonlinear calculations and. Chapter 7 bird and mammalstrike statistics transport. In the fall of 2006 the usaf lost a twin engine t38 trainer to a bird strike ducks and in the october 2007 the us navy lost a t45 jet trainer in a collision with a bird. For a large single bird, the ingestion speed of the faa test of turbofan engines currently in service is 200 knots 337. Develop an analysis methodology to simulate high speed bird impact on aero engine fan blades and validate with test results. Geeseand gulls are two birds that often causedamage because of their weight and size. Bird strike events in commercial airliners are a fairly common occurrence. Data supplied by contracting states and aircraft operators to icao are stored in a computer for easy retrieval and analysis. Part of this book is the amazing story of the crash of.
Section2, contents related to bird strike tests is carried out in section3, antibird strike design of jet engines is given in section 4. Although bird strikes are an issue as old as aviation, its significance as a hazard has not been. Strategies to prevent birdstrike events trends in reporting of wildlife strikes with civil aircraft and in identification of species struck under a primarily voluntary reporting system, 199020. Why is a bird, or flock of birds coming into contact with an airplane an issue. Bird strike is common and can be a significant threat to aircraft safety. Damage is usually proportional to the bird size and the engine thrust setting. Birdstrike design manual information required irstuff aerospace feb 11 18. Elsayed offers different approaches to reducing bird strikes, including detailed coverage of the three categories necessary for such reduction, namely, awarenesseducation, bird management active and passive control, and aircraft design. Because of significance of the problem, the bird strike analysis is widely covered in scientific literature 3. During bird strike, the bird collides with the engine fan, fragments, and propagates through the engine. In this paper, a method to design birdstrikeresistant aircraft structures is presented. Loss of thrust in both engines after encountering a flock of birds and subsequent ditching on the hudson river, us airways flight 1549, airbus.
Bird impact is often the dimensioning load condition for several aircraft parts, such as windshields, leading edges fig. The first bird strike dated back to september 7, 1905, recorded by the wright brothers. Inservice experience shows that birdstrike events are common. Study of bird ingestions into aircraft turbine engines. The main reaon for keeping a bird out of an inlet is because you dont want it blasting back through the inlet aft bulkhead and potentially shutting down the engine by ripping off a fadec box or whatever, or, worse, rupturing a fuel line. Modelling of bird strike on the engine fan blades using fesph. Wildlife hazard management at airports, a manual for airport personnel. However, reduction of bird impacting on jet engines can be achieved by suitable design and manufacturing, through the. Analyze bird strike impact on aero engine fan blade.
Bird strike simulation for composite aircraft structure. Numerical simulation analysis relies on mathematics or computerbased methods, greatly reducing the cost and destruction of the experiments. Part 25 bird strike requirements from sea level to 8000 feet, address. Current standards, for both multiple and single bird ingestions into a single fixed wing aircraft engine, exist in equivalent form in 14 cfr part 3377 and in easa airworthiness code cse 800 bird strike and ingestion. During birdstrike, the bird collides with the engine fan, fragments, and propagates through the engine. The most vulnerable components to bird strikes are aircraft engines, nose, and. Pdf birdstrke aircraft accidents methods that here. Show full abstract as bird strike, bird hit and bird ingestion.
The front facing edges of an airplane, which include the wings, nose cone and engine, are more prone to bird strikes and in this tutorial, we are simulating the bird strike to an airplane wing leading edge structure using smoothed particles hydrodynamics sph method. As a result, bird ingestion is an important factor in aero engine design and faa certification. Test of the hypothesis we tested whether a gradient from white to. Bird strikes have long been a significant threat to aviation safety. There is also a bac report which is partly based on this, bae bird strike design manual, genb4430210. Full range of certified design weights, cg limits all phases of climb, cruise, descent and approach rule requires evaluation at design cruise speed, v c, at sea level or 0. While bird strikes usually inflict most damage on the engines, all areas of an airplane can be damaged see figs. Definition of bird strike a bird strike or bird aircraft strikehazard is a collision between a bird oneor more than one and an aircraft. This information is also useful to aircraft fuselage and engine manufacturers, assisting them in the design of bird strike resistant airframe structures and engines. Foreword the icao bird strike information system ibis is a reporting system designed to collect and disseminate information on bird strikes which occur as a result of a colljsjon between an aircraft and a bird. Unsteady aerodynamic analysis of a birddamaged turbofan. However there are significantly more airframe strikes than engine strikes by a ratio of 4. Birdstrike calculation aircraft engineering engtips.
Bird strike on jet engine fan blades is an important design consideration for both civilian and military aircraft. Starting with relatively simple nonlinear calculations and a pressure load. Among the many tests, it shoots birds into the jet engine fanblades. For smaller aircraft, significant damage may be caused to the aircraft structure and all aircraft, especially jetengined ones, are vulnerable to the loss of thrust which can follow the ingestion of birds into engine air intakes. Birdstrike data, together with knowledge of the operational environment, are utilized by boeing as a basis of many airplane design features beyond regulatory requirements.
As a result, bird ingestion is an important factor in aero engine design. Heres a youtube of the a380 engine s bird strike test. According to data collected by the us department of agriculture, bird strikes were over 80,000 reported in the period 1990 to 7 in the us alone200 ref. Regulatory oversight, aircraft design and operation, and airport management were each. During this process, constitutive models of the bird and structural. The engine manufacturers supplied event data, including type of engine and airplane model. Bird strike occurs suddenly and causing serious damage to the aircraft structure and posing a direct threat to flight safety.
Airframe bird strikes are a relatively rare cause of accidents, representing only 0. Next, numerical simulations of a bird strike are conducted to investigate the structures resistance to the bird strike. In the summer of 2007, delta air lines suffered an incident in rome, italy, as one of its boeing 767 aircraft, on takeoff, ingested yellow legged gulls into both engines. Because of significance of the problem, the bird strike analysis. These first stage rotating blades are considered to be part of the front of the engine, as defined in paragraph 4. Our approach was to compare fuselage color schemes within a given aircraft type to reduce confounding factors, such as design, maneuverability, and engine capabilities. I know what it feels like to be aircraft engine stalled in the midair, 6,500 feet above. A bird strikesometimes called birdstrike, bird ingestion for an engine, bird hit, or bird aircraft strike hazard bashis a collision between an airborne animal usually a bird or bat and a manmade vehicle, usually an aircraft. Airplane damage and effect on flight from bird strikes are closely correlated to kinetic energy, derived from the mass determined by bird species and the square of the speed of the collision. A bird strike sometimes called birdstrike, bird ingestion for an engine, bird hit, or bird aircraft strike hazard bash is a collision between an airborne animal usually a bird or bat and a manmade vehicle, especially an aircraft. Aircraft certification for bird strike risk skybrary. Compliance with paragraphs b, c, and d of this section shall be in accordance with the following.
Transport category aircraft are designed so that if any 1 engine is unable to continue generating thrust, the airplane will have enough power from the remaining engine or engines to safely complete. Loss of thrust in both engines after encountering a flock. To ensure flight safety, aviation regulations require a certain level of bird strike resistance for. Most bird strikes occurred when an aircraft was at a low altitude during the takeoff and landing phases of a flight. Birdstrike design manual information required aircraft. The term is also used for bird deaths resulting from collisions with structures such as power lines. While combining all of the event data from the engine manufacturers, this information was used. Bird strike analysis is a common type of analysis performed during the design and analysis of rotorcraft. To the test i n the past, the only way to determine whether composite aircraft components could withstand bird strikes was with timeconsuming physical tests. Design of aircraft structures against threat of bird strikes. The term is also used for bird deaths resulting from collisions with structures such as power lines, towers and wind turbines see birdskyscraper collisions. In cs23 excluding commuter and cs27 aircraft categories there are currently no specific bird strike requirements and this is reflected in a higher rate of bird strike accidents particularly windshield penetrations. Now, hindustan aeronautics limited engineers use simulation to get the design right the first time.
It is a significantly expanded and modernized version of the bestselling 1st edition that emphasizes recent developments impacting engine design such as theta breakthrottle ratio, life management, controls, and stealth. This must be shown in a certification test on an entire engine, although manufacturers usually perform bird strike tests on single or multiple fan blades for design studies. Bird strike requirements for transport category airplanes. Detailed postsoft impact progressive damage assessment for. Based on a thorough and comprehensive examination of the subject, dr. Bird strike requirements for transport category airplanes are specified in title 14, code of federal regulations 14 cfr, part 25, and vary depending on the structural component being evaluated. Icaos principal regulatory document dealing with aerodrome design and operations. Canada goose is reducing, this may be due to bird control measures near airports. This presenation details on various bird strike avoidance methods and clarifies some of the common myths we have about bird strikes and avoidance in context to. Bird strike damage of leading edge whilst almost all bird strike clearance is performed via testing using real birds on.
Esi corporationpamcrash2006 solver reference manual. Design and construction cse 500 functioning cse 510 safety analysis cse 515 engine critical parts cse 520 strength cse 525 continued rotation cse 540 strike and ingestion of foreign matter cse 560 fuel system cse 570 oil system cse 580 air systems and compressor and turbine bleed. Nonlinear administration federal aviation modeling for. Certification of jet engines requires the demonstration of the ability to ingest birds into an engine and meet federal aviation administration regulations for. Jun 07, 2019 based on a thorough and comprehensive examination of the subject, dr.
Nov, 2015 the world record for a bird strike at the highest altitude ever is a staggering 11,300 meters thats 11. Investigators call on the range of identification techniques described below to determine whether a bird strike occurred and. Us8052083b1 bird deflector and air replacement system. Bird certification requirements engine ingestion test bird sizes and quantities are established by federal regulations based on engine size inlet area for large engines four medium flocking birds 2. Thats why numerical investigations of the bird strike are very important and should be analyzed during design stage of a development process. In managing risk all that can be controlled are the design and testing of the. Bird strike damage windshield bird strike final report. That is why bird strike reports of sufficient quality collected, analysed and finally submitted to icao by states are of great value at national, regional and global level. Birds usually collide with any of the forwardfacing edges of an airplane, which include the wings, nose cone, and the most common site the jet engine. Bird strikes normally occur during takeo and landing due to the prevalence of birds in proximity to the ground. Bird strike simulation saves the company design time and thousands of dollars. This definition encompasses ducted, unducted and aft fan engine designs.